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Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation technique that has revolutionized the analysis of complex mixtures in both biology and chemistry. It offers distinct advantages over traditional separation methods like gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography, including high resolution, reduced sample and reagent consumption, rapid analysis times, and ease of automation. The focus on separating and […]

Table of Contents Introduction: Unveiling the Nanoscopic World The Fundamental Principles of Atomic Force Microscopy Common Operating Modes of AFM Contact Mode AFM Tapping Mode AFM (Intermittent Contact Mode) Non-Contact Mode AFM Other Advanced AFM Modes Applications of AFM in Chemistry and Biology Applications in Chemistry: Applications in Biology: Advantages and Limitations of AFM Advantages:

Table of Contents Introduction The Core Principles of Flow Cytometry Hydrodynamic Focusing Laser Interrogation and Signal Detection Signal Processing and Data Acquisition Applications of Flow Cytometry in Single-Cell Analysis Immunophenotyping Cell Cycle Analysis Apoptosis and Cell Viability Analysis Intracellular Staining Calcium Flux Measurement Analysis of Protein Expression and Localization Multi-Parameter Analysis Flow Cytometry-Based Cell Sorting

Analytical techniques are the cornerstone of scientific discovery and advancement in both chemistry and biology. They provide the essential tools to identify, quantify, and characterize molecules, enabling us to understand complex systems at a fundamental level. This article focuses on a powerful and widely used analytical technique in biological research: the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, more